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(一)代词概述
代词用来代替名词,在句中充当主语、宾语和表语,有时还可以充当定语。代词在考试命题中主要是代词格的变化、代词单复数形式以及不定代词和 it的用法等。
(二)基本知识梳理
1. 人称代词:主格作主语,宾格用作及物动词和介词的宾语。
He often helps me.
Who is at the door? It's me.
Thebicyclebelongs to Tom and me.
出现并列主语或宾语时,其排列顺序为:单数时是第二、第三、第一人称(简称 231)即 you, he and I或 you, her and me;复数时是第一、第二、第三人称(简称 123)即 we, you and they或 us, you and them。
2. 物主代词:形容词性物主代词作定语,后加名词;而名词性物主代词等于形容词性物主代词加名词。如: This is my book. = This book is mine.
名词性物主代词可做主语、宾语和表语。如:
Your pen is blue. Mine is blue, too.
May I use your pen? I've lost mine.
She is a classmate of his.
The bike is hers.
3. 反身代词:用作宾语和起强调作用。
1)作宾语
Help yourself to some cakes.
I can look at myself in themirror.
They should think more of the public health than themselves.
2)作强调
We do homework by ourselves.
I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle.
4. 指示代词
1) this, that, these, those
What's this (that)? It's a book.
What are these (those)? They are books.
this和 these比较靠近, that和 those稍远一点。
2) it的用法
( 1)指物: It's a robot.
( 2)指自然现象: It's raining now, but it will be fine soon.
( 3)指时间: What time is it? It's 8 o'clock.
( 4)指距离: It's twenty minutes ' walk.
( 5)作形式主语: It's important for us to fight pollution.
It took me half an hour to finish the work.
It's kind of you to say so.
( 6)作形式宾语: We think itnecessaryto relax from time to time.
5. 不定代词
1) some, any
some用于肯定句中, any用于否定句和疑问句中。如:
There are some pens on the desk.
There aren't any pens on the desk.
Are there any pens on the desk?
Some are Chinese. Others are English.
在表示请求、建议、反问等句子中,用 some而不是用 any。如:
Would you like some drink?
any也可以表示任何一个。如:
Do you know any of her friends?
If you have any questions, you can ask me.
2)复合不定代词: something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, someone, anyone, no one, everyone, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere这些不定代词都作单数,表示“某物”、“某人”、“某地”。
( 1)作主语:
Someone is waiting for you.
No one is in the classroom.
( 2)作宾语:
Have you got anything to say?
Did you see anything else in the classroom?
( 3)不定代词被形容词修饰时,定语放在它们的后面。如:
I’ve got something interesting to tell you.
There's nothing new in the newspaper.
3) a few, few, a little, little前两者修饰可数名词,后两者修饰不可数名词。 few, little表示否定,意思是几乎没有; a few, a little表示肯定,意思是还有几个、有一点。如:
There is still a little time left, you needn't hurry.
I can't buy anythingbecause I have little money on me.
4) both(两者都,复数), all(三者以上都,复数), neither(两者都不,单数), none(三者以上都不,单复数), either(两者中的一个,单数), both... and, neither... nor, either... or
( 1)作主语:
Both of the twins are doctors.
All of them are honest.
Neither of them is a doctor.
None of them is/ are honest.
( 2)词组:
Both Li Ping and I are students.
Neither Li Ping nor I am a student.
( 3)作形容词:
on both sides of the river
on either side of the river
注意下面句子转化:
Both of them are teachers.
改成否定句是: Neither of them is a teacher.
All of us are students.
改成否定句是: None of us is a student.或: None of us are students.
5) one... the other (s)表示一个……其余的……,是有范围的; some... others表示一些……另一些……,是无范围的; another表示很多中的另一个,再……个。如:
He has two brothers. One is anengineer, the other is a writer.
Some like football. Others like basketball.
Some books on the shelf are in Chinese, the others in English.
She will be in hospital for another two weeks.(她将在医院再住两星期。)