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积累单词是英语学习的一个必不可少的环节,词汇量的大小在一定程度上决定着一个学生解读英语知识的能力。实际而言,则反映在学生对完型填空以及阅读理解的文章大意把握程度上。掌握好一些基本的单词构词法,对于巧记单词有很大的帮助,下面我们一起来看看这些构词法的具体规则吧!
英语单词的构成方式主要有:合成法、转化法、派生法。此外,还有截短法、混合法和首字母缩略法等。
1.合成法:把两个或两相以上独立的词合成一个新词。
( 1)合成名词
名词/代词+名词: spaceship(宇宙飞船); blood-test(验血); she-wolf(母狼)
名词+动词 - ing形式: handwriting(书法); machine-building(机器制造)
名词+及物动词+ er/ or: pain-killer(止痛药)
形容词+名词: shorthand(速记); highway(公路)
及物动词+名词: breakfast(早餐); pickpocket(扒手)
动词 - ing形式+名词: flying-fish(飞鱼); waiting-room(候车室); sleeping-pill(安眠药)
副词+动词: outbreak(爆发); output(输出); downfall(垮台)
动词+副词: turn-off(断开); get-together(联欢会;座谈会)
介词/副词+名词: afternoon(午后)
( 2)合成形容词
形容词/数词+名词+ - ed: kind-hearted; cold-blooded(冷血的); one-eyed(独眼的); three-legged
名词+名词+ - ed: potato-shaped(马铃薯形状的)
名词/代词+动词过去分词: hand-made; self-educated; radio-equipped
名词/代词+形容: color-blind(色盲的)
形容词/数词+动词 - ing形式: left-hand(左撇子的)
形容词+动词 - ing形式: good-looking(相貌好看的); easy-going(脾气随和的)
副词+动词 - ing形式: hard-working(勤劳的); far-reaching(深远的); long-lasting(耐用的)
副词+形容词: ever-green trees(常青树)
形容词+形容词: light-blue(浅蓝色的)
动词+副词: see-through pool(透明的)
介词+名词: downhill(下坡的); uphill(上山的)
( 3)合成动词
副词+动词: ill-treat(虐待); undergo(经历); overhear(听见); overthrow(推翻)
名词/代词+动词: water-ski(滑水); mass-produce(大规模生产); sleep-walk(梦游)
形容词+动词: blacklist(列入黑名单); white-wash(粉刷); safe-guard(保卫)
( 4)合成副词
副词+副词: however(但是); moreover(而且); therefore(因此)
代词+副词: anywhere(任何地方); whatever(无论什么); somewhere; nowhere; everywhere
副词+名词: downstairs(在楼下); upstairs; upward; downward; westward; eastward
形容词+名词: anyway(无论如何)
( 5)合成代词 some/ any/ no可以与 - thing/ - one/ - body合成代词。如:
Anybody(任何人); something(某事); everything(一切); nobody(没有人); someone(每个人)
2.转换法:由一种词类转化为另一种词类的词。
( 1)动词转化为名词。如:
He visited the summer palace yesterday. 他昨天参观了颐和园。(动词)
we paid a visit to the scientist last week. 我们上星期拜拜访了那位科学家。(名词)
He likes a quiet smoke after supper. 他喜欢在晚饭后静静地抽了一会儿烟。(名词)
we stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。
这类名词常与 give, have, make, take等动词搭配形成一个短语,表示一个动作。如:
give a shout(喊叫); give a kick(踢); take a seat(就座); take a bath(洗澡); have a swim(游泳); have a smoke(吸烟); make a bet(打赌); make a decision(商定)
又如: have a bath/ chat/ debate/ discussion/ dream/ flight/ interview/ lie/ look/ quarrel…; make a call/ demand/ guess/ jump/ show…
( 2)名词转化为动词。如:
We should shoulder these responsibilities. 我们应当担负起这些责任来。
The hall can seat two thousand people. 大厅能坐 2000人。
He pinned great hopes on us. 他对我们寄托了很大希望。
They have booked their plane tickets. 他们已经定了飞机票。
( 3)形容词转化为动词。如:
The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车降了一半的速度。
( 4)形容词转化为副词。如:
How long is the line?(形容词)
how long have you lived there?(副词)
( 5)形容词转化为名词。如: the sick(病人); the beautiful(美好的事物); at the latest(最迟); at the most(至多); the true and the false(正确的与错误的); the french(法国人)等。
something has gone wrong with the machine. 机器出了点儿毛病。(形容词)
he didn't know the difference between right and wrong. 他不知道对与错的区别。(名词)
3.派生法:由词根( stems)加前缀( prefixes)和后缀( suffixes)构成新词。
①前缀
a -(形容词;副词): asleep, arise, awake, abroad(在国外), alone(独自)
co -(共同): co-exist, co-operate
over -(过于): overdo, oversimplify
anti -(反,防): anti-tank, anti-clockwise
re -(重复;再): return, redesign, reunite, remarry(再婚)
super -(超级;上层): superstar, superman, supermarket
sub -(下面的): subway, subconscious
tele -(远程): telephone, telegraph, telescope(望远镜)
bi -(双): bicycle, bimonthly, bilingual
mis -(误): mistake, misunderstand(误会)
inter -(相互;之间): international, interrelation
en -(使可能): encourage, enable(使成为可能)
dis -(否定): disappear, disagree, discourage, disappoint, dishonest
in -/ il -/ im -/ ir -(不;非): invisible(看不见的), illogical, illegal(非法的), impolite, impossible, irregular, irresponsible
un -/ non -(不;非): unfit, unfair, unknown, non-conductor(非导体)
②名词后缀
- er(……者): foreigner, thinker, swimmer, traveller
- ese(……地方的人): Chinese, portuguese, Japanese
- ian(精通……的人;……地方的人): musician, magician, physician, technician, Russian
- ist(专业人员): artist, specialist, pianist, physicist
- ment(性质;状态): government, movement, argument, engagement, development
- ion: expansion, discussion, decision
- dom: freedom, kingdom
- ance/ ence: acceptance, allowance, dependence, confidence
- ee: employee, interviewee, trainee
- ness(性质;状态): business, happiness, greatness, illness, darkness
- or(器具;……者): cooker, tractor, actor, visitor, professor
- ship: friendship, leadership, hardship, scholarship
- tion(动作;过程;结果): pollution, suggestion, invention
③形容词后缀
- al: practical, continual, educational, national
- an: American, European, Canadian, Italian, Australian
- ern: southern, northern, eastern
- ful: helpful, cheerful, grateful, useful, careful
- ary: revolutionary, secondary, imaginary
- ble: reasonable, horrible, comfortable, acceptable, terrible
- ish: foolish, childish, swedish, british, English
- ive: active, native, decisive, destructive, expensive
- y: rainy, dirty, sleepy, healthy
- less: careless, homeless, motherless, useless
- ant: important, significant, ignorant
- ous: serious, courageous, famous, continuous
- some: troublesome, tiresome, handsome, lonesome
④动词、副词和数词后缀
- fy(使……化): simplify, beautify, amplify, satisfy, electrify
- en(使……变得): strengthen, lengthen, widen
- ize(使……成为): realize(实现), modernize, apologize, organize
- ly(方式;程度): freely, badly, terribly, perfectly, truly, angrily
- wise: clockwise, otherwise, likewise
- ward (s)(方向): towards, backward, eastward, forward, outward
- teen(十): fourteen, fifteen, eighteen
- ty(整十位数): twenty, forty, thirty
- th(序数词): twelfth, ninth, twentieth
4.截短法:将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
①截头,如: telephone→ phone; airplane→ plane
②去尾,如: mathematics→ maths; examination→ exam; kilogram→ kilo; laboratory→ lab; taxicab→ taxi
③截头去尾,如: influenza→ flu; refrigerator→ fridge; prescription→ script
5.混合法:英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词,前半部分表属性,后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。如:
news broadcast→ newscast(新闻广播); television broadcast→ telecast(电视播送); smoke and fog→ smog(烟雾); photo and graphy→ photography(摄影); helicopter airport→ heliport(直升飞机场)
6.首字母缩略法,如:
BBC( british broadcasting corporation)英国广播公司; DIY( do it yourself)自己亲自做
NATO( north atlantic treaty organization)北约; SOS( save our ship)国际通用的呼救信号
UN( the united nations)联合国; USA( the united states of America)美国
VIP( very important person)重要人物; WTO( world trade organization)世界贸易组织
通过学习英语单词构词法,希望能对同学们巧记单词有所帮助哦!