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所谓被动语态,即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
a.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如:
Many people speak English.(谓语 speak的动作是由主语 many people来执行的。)
b.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:
English is spoken by many people.(主语 English是动词 speak的承受者。)
注意:主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如:
He opened the door. 他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened. 门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be的变化表现出来的。现以 teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时: am/ is/ are+ taught
一般过去时: was/ were+ taught
一般将来时: will be+ taught
过去将来时: would be+ taught
现在进行时: am/ is/ are being+ taught
过去进行时: was/ were being+ taught
现在完成时: have/ has been+ taught
过去完成时: had been+ taught
巧记为:被动语态 be字变,过去分词跟后面。
三、被动语态的用法
a.不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如:
Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的。)
This book was published in 1981. 这本书出版于 1981年。
b.强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。例如:
The window was broken by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him. 这本书是他写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天 8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
巧记为:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
a.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
b.把谓语变成被动结构( be+过去分词),根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be的形式。
c.把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:
All the people laughed at him. = He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory. = The bikes are made by them in the factory.
巧记为:宾变主,主变宾, by短语后面跟;谓语动词变被动, be后“过分”来使用。
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+ be+过去分词”构成,原来带 to的情态动词变成被动语态后“ to”仍要保留。例如:
We can repair this watch in two days. = This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away. = It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once. = It should be done at once.
巧记为:情态加 be加“过分”,原来带 to要保留。
有了这些巧记法,被动语态的学习是不是变得 easy多了呀!