一、初一英语语法——词法
1、名词
A）、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下：
一）在后面加 s.如： fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二） x, sh, ch, s, tch后加 es.如： boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三） 1）以辅音字母加 y结尾的变 y为 i再加 es如： baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以元音字母加 y结尾的直接加 s.如： day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以 o结尾加 s（外来词）.如： radios, photos,但如是辅音加 o的加 es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五）以 f或 fe结尾的变 f为 v再加 es (s).如： knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）单复数相同（不变的）有： fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有复数,没有单数的有： people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有： police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员
九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词如： action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由 man或 woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数.如： man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的单复数意思不同如： fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代,次数, chicken鸡肉 chickens小鸡
十一）单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加 s或’ s.如： Is( I’s), Ks( K’s).但如是缩略词则只加 s.如： IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二）特殊形式的有： child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式构成如下：
一）单数在后面加’ s.如： brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二）复数以 s结尾的直接在 s后加’,如果不是以 s结尾的与单数一样处理.如： Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三）由 and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’ s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理.如： Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间）, Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
2、代词
项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词
A）第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加 s,如下：
一）一般在词后加 s.如： comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在 x, sh, ch, s, tch后加 es.如： watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三） 1）以辅音字母加 y结尾的变 y为 i再加 es.如： study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以元音字母加 y结尾的直接加 s.如： plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以 o结尾加 es.如： does, goes
五）特殊的有： are-is, have-has
B）现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下：
一）一般在后加 ing.如： spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不发音 e的结尾的去掉 e再加 ing.如： dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如 show– showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加 ing.如： put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以 ie结尾的变 ie为 y再加 ing.如： tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式构成如下：
一）一般在词后加 er或 est(如果是以 e结尾则直接加 r或 st).如： greater-greatest, shorter– shortest, taller– tallest, longer– longest, nicer - nicest, larger - largest
二）以重读闭音节结尾且 1个元音字母＋ 1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如 few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加 er/ est.如： big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三）以辅音字母＋ y结尾的变 y为 i加 er/ est.如： happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest( more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情况：(两好多坏,一少老远)
good/ well - better best many/ much - more most bad/ ill– worse worst
little - less least old - older/ elder oldest/ eldest far - farther/ further farthest/ furthest
5、数词(基变序,有规则；一、二、三,自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接 th； y结尾,变为 i, eth跟上去.) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、初一英语语法——句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. ( be动词)
b) He looks very young. (连系动词)
c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. ( There be结构)
否定陈述句 a) These aren’ t their books. b) They don’ t look nice.
c) Kate doesn’ t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’ t find her doll.
e) There isn’ t a cat here. (= There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句 a) Don’ t be late. b) Don’ t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1)一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn’ t. b) No, you can’ t. c) No, she doesn’ t. d) No, they don’ t. e) No, she isn’ t.
2)选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3)特殊疑问句
①问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
②问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/ fine.
④问方式 How do/ can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@ 163. com.
⑤问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥问时间 What’s the time? (= What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a. m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’ clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
⑧问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’ t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩问东西 What’s this/ that( in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./ She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/ small f.
14问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、初一英语语法——时态
1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有：
Be动词： She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’ t a worker.
情态动词： I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’ t play the piano.
行为动词： They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’ t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’ t have a watch.
2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为 sb be v-ing sth+其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’ t writing a letter.
They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’ t listening to the pop music.
