英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词 be过去分词”构成:
Everybody likes him. 大家都喜欢他。(主动语态)
He is liked by everybody. 他受到大家的喜欢。(被动语态)
下面我们一起来看看主动语态变被动语态的具体方法:
1.主动语态变被动语态的基本方法
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,将主动谓语变为被动谓语( be过去分词),将主动语态的主语变为 by短语(在被动句中用作状语):
He broke the cup. → The cup was broken by him.
【注意】若不强调动词执行者,被动语态中的 by短语通常可以省略:
He was born in 1986. 他生于 1986年。
What is this flower called? 这种花叫什么花?
2.双宾动词的被动语态
双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词,它们在变为被动语态时,通常是把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语,而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语):
He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.
有的动词则通常把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语,而把间接宾语改为介词 to或 for引起的状语(到底用 to还是 for,与所搭配的动词有关):
He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her.(与动词 write搭配用介词 to)
She made him a new coat. → A new coat was made for him.(与动词 make搭配用介词 for)
有时以上两种方式均可用:
He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。
→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.
He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表。
→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.
3.被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态由被动结构“ be过去分词”中的动词 be来体现,其基本结构和用法如下:
( 1)一般现在时的被动语态: am/ is/ are过去分词
English is taught in our school. 我们学校学英语。
We are taken good care of at school. 我们在学校受到很好的照顾。
( 2)一般过去时的被动语态: was/ were过去分词
He was taken to the police station. 他被带到了警察局。
The house was built ten years ago. 这座房子是 10年前建的。
( 3)一般将来时的被动语态: will be过去分词
A new building will be built here soon. 不久这里将建一栋新楼。
The meeting will be held at two this afternoon. 会议将于今天下午 2点举行。
( 4)现在完成时的被动语态: have/ has been过去分词
All the work has been done now. 所有的工作现在都做好了。
Have the letters been posted? 信都寄了吗?
( 5)过去完成时的被动语态: had been过去分词
He said the work had been finished. 他说工作已完成了。
( 6)现在进行时的被动语态: am/ is/ are being过去分词
My watch is being repaired by him. 我的表正在由他修理。
The plan is now being discussed. 计划现在正在讨论。
( 7)过去进行时的被动语态: was/ were being过去分词
He said that the man was being operated on. 他说那个人正在动手术。
He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站。
( 8)过去将来时的被动语态: would be过去分词
He said that the meeting would be held next week. 他说会议将于下周举于。
4.含有情态动词的被动形式
若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词,在相应的被动语态中通常应保留该情态动词,其结构为“情态动词 be过去分词”:
Everyone must know this. → This must be known by everyone.
请看以下带情态动词被动句实例:
This can't be done in a short time. 这不是短期内可以完成的。
Can this be done by machine? 这可以由机器来做吗?
The work must be done at once. 这工作必须马上做了。